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Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_URI::$config is deprecated

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Backtrace:

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Router::$uri is deprecated

Filename: core/Router.php

Line Number: 127

Backtrace:

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

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Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Show::$benchmark is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 82

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File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Show::$hooks is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 82

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File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Show::$config is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 82

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File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Show::$log is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 82

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File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

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Filename: core/Controller.php

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File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Show::$uri is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 82

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File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

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Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 82

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File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Show::$router is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 82

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File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Show::$output is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 82

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File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Show::$security is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 82

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File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Show::$input is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 82

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File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Show::$lang is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 82

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File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Show::$db is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 396

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File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

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Filename: database/DB_driver.php

Line Number: 371

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File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

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Severity: 8192

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Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 132

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File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

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Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 294

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File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

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Severity: 8192

Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::read($session_id) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::read(string $id): string|false, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 168

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File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

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Severity: 8192

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Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 237

Backtrace:

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

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Severity: 8192

Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::destroy($session_id) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::destroy(string $id): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 317

Backtrace:

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

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Severity: 8192

Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::gc($maxlifetime) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::gc(int $max_lifetime): int|false, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 358

Backtrace:

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

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Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 282

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File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

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Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 289

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File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

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Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 304

Backtrace:

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

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Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 314

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File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

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Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 315

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File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

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Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 316

Backtrace:

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

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Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 317

Backtrace:

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

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Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 375

Backtrace:

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

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Message: session_set_save_handler(): Session save handler cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 110

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File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: session_start(): Session cannot be started after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 143

Backtrace:

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Show::$session is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 1283

Backtrace:

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Show::$form_validation is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 1283

Backtrace:

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Show::$agent is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 1283

Backtrace:

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Show::$page_model is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 358

Backtrace:

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Show::$info_model is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 358

Backtrace:

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Show::$social_model is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 358

Backtrace:

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Show::$radio_model is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 358

Backtrace:

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Show::$media_model is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 358

Backtrace:

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$load is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/application/controllers/Show.php
Line: 29
Function: view

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$benchmark is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/application/controllers/Show.php
Line: 29
Function: view

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$hooks is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/application/controllers/Show.php
Line: 29
Function: view

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$config is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/application/controllers/Show.php
Line: 29
Function: view

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$log is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/application/controllers/Show.php
Line: 29
Function: view

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$utf8 is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/application/controllers/Show.php
Line: 29
Function: view

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$uri is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/application/controllers/Show.php
Line: 29
Function: view

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$exceptions is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/application/controllers/Show.php
Line: 29
Function: view

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$router is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/application/controllers/Show.php
Line: 29
Function: view

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$output is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/application/controllers/Show.php
Line: 29
Function: view

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$security is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/application/controllers/Show.php
Line: 29
Function: view

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$input is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/application/controllers/Show.php
Line: 29
Function: view

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$lang is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/application/controllers/Show.php
Line: 29
Function: view

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$db is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/application/controllers/Show.php
Line: 29
Function: view

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$session is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/application/controllers/Show.php
Line: 29
Function: view

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$form_validation is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/application/controllers/Show.php
Line: 29
Function: view

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$agent is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/application/controllers/Show.php
Line: 29
Function: view

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$page_model is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/application/controllers/Show.php
Line: 29
Function: view

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$info_model is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/application/controllers/Show.php
Line: 29
Function: view

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$social_model is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/application/controllers/Show.php
Line: 29
Function: view

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$radio_model is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/application/controllers/Show.php
Line: 29
Function: view

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$media_model is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/application/controllers/Show.php
Line: 29
Function: view

File: /home/dh_t3gr4v/clocktower.org/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

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Scientific Controversies No. 8: Are We Alone?



For billions of years, life on this planet waffled in oceans in the simplest single-celled incarnation. Today, all complex life forms, no matter how disparate they seem, share common features. Trees, humans, squid, and lettuce are related. It is not known how the simple single-celled organisms finally transitioned to a multi-celled organism that seems to be the singular, original source of all complex life on Earth. So how rare is the emergence of life on any planet, let alone complex life forms? We now estimate that there are tens of billions of planetary systems in our own galaxy and there are hundreds of billions of galaxies in the universe, each presumably stocked with the chemical blocks necessary for life. In the competition between such large numbers and such small numbers, which wins? Are we alone? In this recording astrophysicist Janna Levin invites biochemist Nick Lane, author of The Vital Question, and astrobiologist Caleb Scharf, author of The Copernicus Complex, to discuss the origin of life on this planet, on other planets, and even in other universes.
 

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